“Private Limited” in Company Law
Secretarial Standards SS-1 and SS-2: Board Meetings and General Meetings
SS-1 governs board meetings and SS-2 governs general meetings of companies. Learn key requirements of these mandatory ICSI standards under Companies Act 2013.
DIR-3 KYC Is No Longer an Annual Filing
From 31 March 2026, DIR-3 KYC moved from an annual filing to once every three financial years, due 30 June. The notification, the new unified form, the next due date...
DIR-12: The Filing That Makes a Board Change Official
Until DIR-12 is filed, the Registrar's records still show the old board. Everything downstream depends on those records being right — who can sign a form, who is shown as a director in a due diligence, who a regulator writes to.
Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) Under Companies Act 2013: Roles, Appointment and Liability
Key Managerial Personnel (KMP) under Section 203 of the Companies Act 2013 includes CEO/MD, CFO, CS, and whole-time director. Learn their mandatory appointment, qualifications, and personal liability.
Incorporation of Company with a Foreign Director in India
India has one of the fast-growing economies in the world and this can partly be credited to the FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) inputs to the country and to globalization. A large number of foreign companies have started to set up their businesses here since the country provides them with seasoned...
Loan to Director - Section 185 of Companies (Amendment) Act 2017
In this Research editorial, the author begins by referring to the provisions of Section 185 of the Companies Amendment Act, 2017 (Loan to Directors and entities in which directors are interested). The main focus of this research editorial on “Which are the entities to whom Company can give Loan...
Regulation 25: The Independent Director's Own Regulation
If you sit on a listed board, Regulation 25 is the provision written specifically about you. Everything else in the LODR is about the company; this one is about your caps, your meeting, your protection and your exit.
Rule 9A for Unlisted Public Companies — Dematerialisation of Securities
Rule 9A of the Companies (Prospectus and Allotment of Securities) Rules, 2014 requires every unlisted public company to issue securities only in dematerialised form. Its eleven sub-rules also carry the ISIN, fee, security deposit, PAS-6 and grievance machinery that Rule 9B later borrowed wholesale for private companies.
Independent Director in India: The Complete Guide
Who must appoint an independent director, what makes a director independent, tenure and cooling-off, pay, duties under Schedule IV, and where personal liability...
Directors' Appointment and Removal Under Companies Act 2013: Section 149 to 170
Guide to appointment, tenure, vacation, disqualification and removal of directors under Companies Act 2013. Covers DIN requirement, DIR-2 consent, rotation, and Section 169 removal.
Section 185 and 186 of Companies Act: Loans and Investments by Companies
Section 185 prohibits loans to directors while Section 186 regulates inter-corporate loans and investments. Learn compliance requirements, limits, and exemptions under Companies Act 2013.
The IICA Proficiency Test: What It Actually Involves
The online proficiency self-assessment test for independent directors — 50% to pass, unlimited attempts, a two-year window, what the syllabus covers and how to...
SEBI LODR: The Corporate Governance Requirements, Mapped
The corporate governance chapter of SEBI LODR explained — who it applies to, board composition, the mandatory committees, RPTs, disclosures, and what changed between...
Detailed discussion of Section 185 of the Companies Act 2013
This refers that the "Companies Act likely to jolt Corporate World". Section 185 of the Companies Act, 2013, which puts restrictions on inter-corporate loans, jolted the corporate world. Until now, Companies were in the habit of borrowing funds from banks and passing them on to subsidiaries and...
Company Registration in India: Complete Guide (2026)
Starting a business in India requires selecting the right legal structure and completing the company registration process as per government regulations. This guide covers everything—from types of companies to step-by-step registration, documents, costs, and compliance. What is Company...
CSR Section 135 Companies Act 2013: Mandatory Spend, Eligible Activities and Annual Report
Complete guide to CSR under Section 135 of Companies Act 2013. Covers qualifying criteria (net worth Rs 500Cr, turnover Rs 1000Cr, net profit Rs 5Cr), 2% spend requirement, eligible activities, and penalties for non-compliance.
Form INC 20A : What if you have not Filed a Declaration for Commencement of Business
Form 20A is a declaration that needs to be filed by the directors of the company at the time of the commencement of the business. It should be verified by a Chartered Accountant (CA) or Company Secretary (CS) or a Cost Accountant in practice.
APPLICABILITY OF COMPANIES ACT, 2013 - BASED ON LIMITS
Business owners, startups, professionals, and taxpayers dealing with APPLICABILITY OF COMPANIES ACT should understand the applicable rules. Requirements can vary by turnover, entity type and activity, so it is best to confirm your specific case before proceeding.
Directorship KYC: DIR-3 KYC Annual Filing and DIN Compliance
Every director holding DIN must file DIR-3 KYC once every three financial years to keep DIN active. Learn about DIR-3 KYC process, documents, due dates, and consequences of non-compliance under Companies Act 2013.
Small Companies and Government Companies — the Rule 9B Exemption
Only small companies and government companies are outside Rule 9B. But section 2(85) of the Companies Act, 2013 disqualifies holding and subsidiary companies, section 8 companies and companies governed by a special Act from being small companies at all — so several companies that meet the capital and turnover thresholds are still caught.
Audit Ceiling Under Section 141(3)(g): Twenty Companies and Exclusions
Twenty companies per auditor — but one person companies, dormant companies, small companies and smaller private companies are all left out of the count.
DIR-2, DIR-8, MBP-1 — and the Independence Declaration
The three forms every director signs, plus the Section 149(7) independence declaration — what each one says, exactly when it is due, where it is kept, and the...
How to file DPT-3 in case of Loan from shareholder?
Business owners, startups, professionals, and taxpayers dealing with file DPT-3 in case should understand the applicable rules. Requirements can vary by turnover, entity type and activity, so it is best to confirm your specific case before proceeding.
Section 149: The Section That Builds the Board
Section 149 is where a board legally comes into existence. It fixes how many directors you need, who must be among them, and — from sub-section (6) onwards — everything about independent directors: who qualifies, how long they serve, what they're paid and when they're liable.